In a nursing diagnosis, which phrase links the etiology to the problem?

In a nursing diagnosis, which phrase links the etiology to the problem?

• A. related to
• B. as evidenced by
• C. due to
• D. connected to

Answer: (A)

In a nursing diagnosis, the phrase that links the problem to its underlying cause or contributing factors is the exact connector used to show how the etiology explains the problem. That connector is “related to.” It sits between the diagnostic label (the problem) and the etiology, forming the Problem related to Etiology as evidenced by Signs/Symptoms structure. This standard phrasing communicates that the etiology is the reason the problem exists and guides interventions toward addressing that underlying cause. The other options don’t serve this linking role in the formal PES format. “As evidenced by” is reserved for listing defining characteristics or objective findings that support the diagnosis. “Due to” and similar wording aren’t the conventional linking phrase used to connect problem and etiology in this structured format, and can blur the intended relationship. For example: Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar hypoventilation as evidenced by shortness of breath and low oxygen saturation.

In a nursing diagnosis, the phrase that links the problem to its underlying cause or contributing factors is the exact connector used to show how the etiology explains the problem. That connector is “related to.” It sits between the diagnostic label (the problem) and the etiology, forming the Problem related to Etiology as evidenced by Signs/Symptoms structure. This standard phrasing communicates that the etiology is the reason the problem exists and guides interventions toward addressing that underlying cause.

The other options don’t serve this linking role in the formal PES format. “As evidenced by” is reserved for listing defining characteristics or objective findings that support the diagnosis. “Due to” and similar wording aren’t the conventional linking phrase used to connect problem and etiology in this structured format, and can blur the intended relationship.

For example: Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar hypoventilation as evidenced by shortness of breath and low oxygen saturation.